{"id":2318,"date":"2022-05-20T14:58:38","date_gmt":"2022-05-20T14:58:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/?p=2318"},"modified":"2023-09-18T13:54:01","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T13:54:01","slug":"uart-the-universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/it\/uart-ricevitore-trasmettitore-universale-asincrono\/","title":{"rendered":"UART - Il ricevitore-trasmettitore asincrono universale"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/everything-about-uart-title-image-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Tutto sull&#039;immagine del titolo UART\" class=\"wp-image-5344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/everything-about-uart-title-image-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/everything-about-uart-title-image-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/everything-about-uart-title-image-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/everything-about-uart-title-image-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/everything-about-uart-title-image.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>L'UART \u00e8 un'interfaccia seriale full duplex. Consente a due dispositivi di comunicare su soli tre fili e supporta velocit\u00e0 variabili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Caratteristiche UART<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Come suggerisce il nome, UART \u00e8 un'interfaccia asincrona. A differenza di SPI o I2C, non \u00e8 necessario un clock dedicato. I due dispositivi devono solo utilizzare la stessa velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione. La velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione \u00e8 variabile e determina il numero di bit che il bus pu\u00f2 inviare ogni secondo (bit\/s).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Characterisitcs-1024x275.jpg\" alt=\"Caratteristiche UART\" class=\"wp-image-2322\" style=\"width:647px;height:173px\" width=\"647\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Characterisitcs-1024x275.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Characterisitcs-300x81.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Characterisitcs-768x207.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Characterisitcs-1536x413.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Characterisitcs-2048x551.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Characterisitcs-18x5.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Caratteristiche UART<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Anche il formato dei dati \u00e8 configurabile. Un altro modo per misurare la velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione \u00e8 il baudrate (bauds\/s), dove un baud corrisponde a un simbolo o a un carattere. Quindi, se un baud \u00e8 costituito da 8 bit, significa che una velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione di 115200 bit\/s equivale a 14400 baud\/s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L'UART utilizza due fili di dati, quindi nella maggior parte dei casi la comunicazione \u00e8 full duplex (entrambe le direzioni contemporaneamente). Inoltre, entrambi i dispositivi UART hanno bisogno di un filo per condividere la tensione di riferimento GROUND. In sintesi, ci\u00f2 significa che sono necessari solo tre fili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cablaggio<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Un dispositivo UART ha bisogno di tre pin per comunicare. <strong>RX<\/strong> per la lettura, <strong>TX<\/strong> per trasmettere e <strong>GND<\/strong> per il riferimento a terra.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Wiring-1024x387.jpg\" alt=\"Cablaggio UART\" class=\"wp-image-2323\" style=\"width:633px;height:239px\" width=\"633\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Wiring-1024x387.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Wiring-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Wiring-768x290.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Wiring-1536x580.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Wiring-2048x774.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Wiring-18x7.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cablaggio UART<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Collegare i pin RX di entrambi i dispositivi ai pin TX dell'altro dispositivo. Collegare entrambi i pin GND e la configurazione hardware \u00e8 terminata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In teoria si potrebbero anche collegare i pin RX di pi\u00f9 dispositivi al pin TX di un dispositivo. In questo modo, se si sa cosa si sta facendo, si pu\u00f2 lasciare che un dispositivo trasmetta i dati a pi\u00f9 dispositivi. Ma l'RX di qualsiasi dispositivo pu\u00f2 essere collegato a un solo pin TX alla volta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comunicazione UART<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c8 necessario impostare entrambi i dispositivi sulla stessa velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione. Se differisce di oltre 3%, i dati saranno corrotti. I baudrate pi\u00f9 comuni sono 4800, 9600, 19200 e 115200, tra gli altri. Inoltre, entrambi i dispositivi devono accettare lo stesso formato di dati e lo stesso bit di parit\u00e0. Il bit di parit\u00e0 \u00e8 un mezzo per controllare che i dati trasmessi non presentino errori.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Communication-1024x447.jpg\" alt=\"Comunicazione UART\" class=\"wp-image-2325\" style=\"width:687px;height:299px\" width=\"687\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Communication-1024x447.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Communication-300x131.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Communication-1536x671.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Communication-2048x895.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Communication-18x8.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Comunicazione UART<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Ogni volta che un dispositivo vuole trasmettere dei dati, inizia inviando il bit di avvio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lo stato di inattivit\u00e0 del filo dati \u00e8 ALTO, quindi il trasmettitore lo tira in basso per un ciclo di clock. Quindi tira il filo BASSO per uno 0 e ALTO per un 1 alla frequenza esatta della velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione. Dopo ogni frame di dati invia un bit di parit\u00e0 se si desidera un controllo degli errori. Quindi imposta il filo su HIGH per segnalare il bit di stop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vantaggi, svantaggi e applicazioni<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vantaggi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Il vantaggio pi\u00f9 evidente \u00e8 la semplicit\u00e0 dell'UART. Sia il software che l'hardware sono estremamente facili da configurare. La velocit\u00e0 variabile consente di mantenere un consumo energetico molto basso. E naturalmente l'interfaccia consente una comunicazione full duplex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inoltre, i dati possono viaggiare su lunghe distanze, fino a 1000 metri.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Advantages-1024x498.jpg\" alt=\"Vantaggi\" class=\"wp-image-2329\" style=\"width:410px;height:199px\" width=\"410\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Advantages-1024x498.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Advantages-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Advantages-768x374.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Advantages-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Advantages.jpg 1104w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Vantaggi dell'UART<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Svantaggi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L'interfaccia \u00e8 fondamentalmente limitata a due dispositivi. Inoltre, non c'\u00e8 un clock per controllare e modificare la velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione durante la trasmissione. Nella maggior parte dei casi \u00e8 pi\u00f9 lenta rispetto, ad esempio, a SPI o I2C.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Disadvantages-1024x499.jpg\" alt=\"Svantaggi\" class=\"wp-image-2328\" style=\"width:410px;height:200px\" width=\"410\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Disadvantages-1024x499.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Disadvantages-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Disadvantages-768x374.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Disadvantages-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UART-Disadvantages.jpg 1103w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Svantaggi dell'UART<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Applicazioni UART<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L'UART \u00e8 in grado di inviare piccole quantit\u00e0 di dati. \u00c8 utilizzata da molti ricevitori GPS, moduli Bluetooth, sistemi di comunicazione wireless.<strong> <\/strong>o applicazioni basate su RFID.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c8 anche possibile utilizzare l'interfaccia per collegare il Raspberry Pi al Raspberry Pi Pico, come mostrato in questo video.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si comporta bene anche nelle applicazioni a lungo raggio in cui SPI e I2C non sono un'opzione.<\/p>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-center shariff-widget-align-left shariff-buttonstretch\"><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-white orientation-horizontal buttonsize-medium\"><li class=\"shariff-button twitter shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#595959\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpicockpit.com%2Fraspberry-pi%2Fit%2Fuart-ricevitore-trasmettitore-universale-asincrono%2F&text=UART%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Universal%20Asynchronous%20Receiver-Transmitter\" title=\"Condividi su X\" aria-label=\"Condividi su X\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\"; 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Consente a due dispositivi di comunicare su soli tre fili e supporta velocit\u00e0 variabili. Caratteristiche dell'UART Come suggerisce il nome, l'UART \u00e8 un'interfaccia asincrona. A differenza di SPI o I2C, non \u00e8 necessario un clock dedicato. I due dispositivi devono solo utilizzare la stessa velocit\u00e0 di trasmissione....<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5344,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[196],"tags":[376,678,671,205,363,676,197,677,364,679,675],"class_list":["post-2318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interfaces","tag-bluetooth","tag-gnd","tag-gps","tag-i2c","tag-i2s","tag-rx","tag-spi","tag-tx","tag-uart","tag-what-is-uart","tag-wireless"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>UART - The Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter | PiCockpit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"UART is a full duplex serial interface. 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