{"id":1995,"date":"2022-04-08T12:15:37","date_gmt":"2022-04-08T12:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/?p=1995"},"modified":"2023-10-05T12:13:29","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T12:13:29","slug":"part-2-how-does-flash-memory-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/pl\/czesc-2-jak-pracuje-pamiec-flash\/","title":{"rendered":"Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 2 - Jak dzia\u0142a pami\u0119\u0107 flash?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Jak dzia\u0142a pami\u0119\u0107 flash\" class=\"wp-image-1996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Seria kart SD - cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Sercem ka\u017cdej karty SD jest uk\u0142ad pami\u0119ci flash. Dlatego, aby zrozumie\u0107, dlaczego jako\u015b\u0107 kart SD nie zawsze jest taka sama, musimy wiedzie\u0107, jak produkowana jest pami\u0119\u0107 flash i jak ona dzia\u0142a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ten post jest cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 trzycz\u0119\u015bciowej mini-serii o kartach SD i zawiera kilka szczeg\u00f3\u0142owych informacji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/sd-card-classes\/\">Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1 - Jak sklasyfikowa\u0107 karty SD i wybra\u0107 w\u0142a\u015bciw\u0105 kart\u0119 do danego zastosowania<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 2 - Jak dzia\u0142a pami\u0119\u0107 flash<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 3 - <a href=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/part-3-what-are-card-grades-and-why-are-they-important\/\">Czym s\u0105 oceny kart i dlaczego s\u0105 wa\u017cne?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tre\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#why-silicon\">Dlaczego krzem jest u\u017cywany do tworzenia pami\u0119ci flash<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#silicon-wafer-production\">Produkcja p\u0142ytek krzemowych<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#production-of-dies\">Produkcja matryc<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#flash-memory-structure\">Struktura pami\u0119ci flash<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#reading-and-writing-data\">Odczyt i zapis danych<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Je\u015bli potrzebujesz przegl\u0105du lub szybkiego przypomnienia tego tematu, ta grafika informacyjna powinna Ci dobrze s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-724x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Infografika dotycz\u0105ca kart SD i pami\u0119ci flash\" class=\"wp-image-2011\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-1086x1536.jpg 1086w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-1448x2048.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-scaled.jpg 1811w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">5 Pami\u0119\u0107 flash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-silicon\">Dlaczego krzem jest u\u017cywany do tworzenia pami\u0119ci flash<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pami\u0119\u0107 flash i inne mikrouk\u0142ady s\u0105 wykonane z krzemu, poniewa\u017c jest on p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikiem. Oznacza to, \u017ce przewodzi on pr\u0105d elektryczny tylko w okre\u015blonych warunkach. Ponadto krzem jest drugim pod wzgl\u0119dem liczebno\u015bci pierwiastkiem wyst\u0119puj\u0105cym w skorupie ziemskiej.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-1024x513.jpg\" alt=\"Krzem\" class=\"wp-image-2001\" style=\"width:393px;height:196px\" width=\"393\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-1024x513.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-768x385.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Krzem<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>P\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowo\u015b\u0107 krzemu umo\u017cliwia producentom pe\u0142n\u0105 kontrol\u0119 nad w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bciami elektrycznymi materia\u0142\u00f3w krzemowych poprzez dodawanie niewielkich ilo\u015bci zanieczyszcze\u0144. S\u0105 to g\u0142\u00f3wnie bor, fosfor, arsen i antymon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"silicon-wafer-production\">Produkcja p\u0142ytek krzemowych<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pierwszym krokiem w produkcji pami\u0119ci flash jest wytworzenie wlewka krzemowego. Istnieje kilka metod uzyskiwania wlewka cylindrycznego. Przyjrzyjmy si\u0119 powszechnie stosowanej metodzie Czochralskiego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Metoda Czochralskiego<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Polski chemik Jan Czochralski wynalaz\u0142 metod\u0119 produkcji monokrystalicznych wlewek krzemu o wysokiej czysto\u015bci.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-1024x360.jpg\" alt=\"Metoda Czochralskiego\" class=\"wp-image-2003\" style=\"width:678px;height:238px\" width=\"678\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-1024x360.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-300x106.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-768x270.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-1536x540.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-2048x720.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-18x6.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Metoda Czochralskiego<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Krzem topi si\u0119 w tyglu. Nast\u0119pnie do stopionego krzemu wprowadza si\u0119 kryszta\u0142 nasienny. Jest on powoli wyci\u0105gany do g\u00f3ry, podczas gdy tygiel i kryszta\u0142 obracaj\u0105 si\u0119 w przeciwnych kierunkach. W ten spos\u00f3b powstaje bardzo jednorodny, cylindryczny wlewek krzemu, nazywany r\u00f3wnie\u017c bul\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Krojenie<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Pi\u0142a waflowa tnie bulle na wafle, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 bardzo cienkimi dyskami (o grubo\u015bci oko\u0142o 100-500 \u03bcm). Wafle s\u0105 polerowane fizycznie i chemicznie w celu usuni\u0119cia wszelkich defekt\u00f3w i zanieczyszcze\u0144 do skali atomowej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"production-of-dies\">Produkcja matryc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Oczywi\u015bcie p\u0142ytki nie maj\u0105 jeszcze \u017cadnych super mocy. Najpierw trzeba je zamieni\u0107 w matryce. Matryca to po prostu kawa\u0142ek krzemu zawieraj\u0105cy uk\u0142ad scalony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowanym procesem drukowania uk\u0142adu scalonego na p\u0142ytce jest <strong>fotolitografia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proces ten jest prosty do zrozumienia, ale bardzo trudny do wykonania z zachowaniem sta\u0142ej jako\u015bci ze wzgl\u0119du na niewiarygodnie ma\u0142\u0105 skal\u0119 uk\u0142ad\u00f3w scalonych.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fotolitografia<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Sp\u00f3jrz na poni\u017csz\u0105 grafik\u0119, kt\u00f3ra przedstawia konfiguracj\u0119 Fotolitografii.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-1024x431.jpg\" alt=\"Fotolitografia\" class=\"wp-image-2006\" style=\"width:559px;height:235px\" width=\"559\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-1024x431.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-300x126.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-768x324.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-1536x647.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-2048x863.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-18x8.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Konfiguracja fotolitografii<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Po wysy\u0142ce p\u0142ytka jest ponownie czyszczona w celu usuni\u0119cia wszelkich zanieczyszcze\u0144 pochodz\u0105cych z opakowania. Nast\u0119pnie jest gruntowana mikroskopijnie cienk\u0105 i idealnie r\u00f3wn\u0105 warstw\u0105 krzemu i fotorezystu. Apertura sk\u0142adaj\u0105ca si\u0119 ze \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a \u015bwiat\u0142a i soczewek rzutuje fotomask\u0119 na p\u0142ytk\u0119. Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 firm stosuje \u015bwiat\u0142o UV o wysokiej energii. Po wykonaniu kilku dodatkowych czynno\u015bci wz\u00f3r z fotomaski jest przenoszony na warstw\u0119 krzemu znajduj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 na p\u0142ytce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nast\u0119pnie pierwsza warstwa musi zosta\u0107 oczyszczona, aby mo\u017cna by\u0142o rozpocz\u0105\u0107 prac\u0119 z nast\u0119pn\u0105 warstw\u0105. Maszyna fotolitograficzna powtarza te czynno\u015bci dla ka\u017cdej warstwy, a\u017c do uzyskania okre\u015blonej struktury 3D pami\u0119ci flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na tym etapie wafel wygl\u0105da jak dysk z du\u017c\u0105 liczb\u0105 kom\u00f3rek na wierzchu. Te w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kwadratowe kom\u00f3rki to poszczeg\u00f3lne matryce, kt\u00f3re w tym przypadku s\u0105 pojedynczymi jednostkami pami\u0119ci flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zanim p\u0142ytki b\u0119d\u0105 mog\u0142y by\u0107 dalej przetwarzane, nale\u017cy okre\u015bli\u0107 jako\u015b\u0107 ka\u017cdej matrycy. W rezultacie powstaje tak zwana mapa p\u0142ytki (ang. wafer map), kt\u00f3ra wskazuje klas\u0119 ka\u017cdej matrycy na p\u0142ytce. Ze wzgl\u0119du na specyfik\u0119 procesu produkcyjnego istnieje tendencja, \u017ce matryce znajduj\u0105ce si\u0119 w centrum maj\u0105 lepsze parametry ni\u017c matryce znajduj\u0105ce si\u0119 blisko kraw\u0119dzi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Matryce, kt\u00f3re spe\u0142niaj\u0105 wymagane standardy jako\u015bciowe, s\u0105 wycinane z p\u0142ytki i wbudowywane w urz\u0105dzenia pami\u0119ci flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Teraz ju\u017c wiesz, jak produkowana jest pami\u0119\u0107 flash. Oczywi\u015bcie uzyskanie idealnie sp\u00f3jnych wynik\u00f3w za ka\u017cdym razem jest prawie niemo\u017cliwe ze wzgl\u0119du na ogromn\u0105 liczb\u0119 parametr\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na proces produkcji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wszystkie elementy, od materia\u0142\u00f3w po maszyny, musz\u0105 by\u0107 doskona\u0142ej jako\u015bci, aby zmaksymalizowa\u0107 liczb\u0119 funkcjonuj\u0105cych matryc na ka\u017cdej p\u0142ytce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"flash-memory-structure\">Struktura pami\u0119ci flash<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>W jednej kom\u00f3rce pami\u0119ci flash mo\u017cna zapisa\u0107 1 bit. Kom\u00f3rka sk\u0142ada si\u0119 ze \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a i drenu, a tak\u017ce bramki p\u0142ywaj\u0105cej i bramki steruj\u0105cej, umieszczonych na pod\u0142o\u017cu krzemowym.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-1024x351.jpg\" alt=\"Kom\u00f3rka pami\u0119ci flash\" class=\"wp-image-2010\" style=\"width:691px;height:236px\" width=\"691\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-1024x351.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-300x103.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-768x263.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-1536x526.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-2048x702.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-18x6.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Kom\u00f3rka pami\u0119ci flash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Pomi\u0119dzy bramk\u0105 steruj\u0105c\u0105, bramk\u0105 p\u0142ywaj\u0105c\u0105 i pod\u0142o\u017cem krzemowym znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 warstwy tlenk\u00f3w. Zapobiegaj\u0105 one swobodnemu przemieszczaniu si\u0119 elektron\u00f3w, ale w pewnych okoliczno\u015bciach elektrony mog\u0105 tunelowa\u0107 przez te warstwy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reading-and-writing-data\">Odczyt i zapis danych<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Operacje zapisu i odczytu s\u0105 kontrolowane przez przy\u0142o\u017cenie napi\u0119cia do kom\u00f3rki pami\u0119ci flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Czytanie<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aby odczyta\u0107 zapisany Bit, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o jest podci\u0105gane do masy lub 0V, a do drenu i bramki steruj\u0105cej przyk\u0142adane jest napi\u0119cie oko\u0142o 3V. Zmusza to elektrony do poziomego ruchu od \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a do drenu, je\u015bli bramka p\u0142ywaj\u0105ca jest pusta. Przep\u0142yw pr\u0105du jest interpretowany jako logiczna 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je\u015bli jednak elektrony zostan\u0105 uwi\u0119zione w p\u0142ywaj\u0105cej bramce, uniemo\u017cliwiaj\u0105 przep\u0142yw pr\u0105du od \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a do drenu, co jest interpretowane jako logiczne 0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pisanie<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Aby zapisa\u0107 logiczne 0 w kom\u00f3rce pami\u0119ci flash, elektrony musz\u0105 zosta\u0107 uwi\u0119zione w bramce p\u0142ywaj\u0105cej. Osi\u0105ga si\u0119 to przez podanie napi\u0119cia 0 V na \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o, oko\u0142o 7 V na dren i jeszcze wy\u017cszego napi\u0119cia oko\u0142o 10 V na bramk\u0119 steruj\u0105c\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elektrony s\u0105 zmuszone do ponownego przemieszczania si\u0119 w poziomie od \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a do drenu, ale niekt\u00f3re z nich tuneluj\u0105 do p\u0142ywaj\u0105cej bramki z powodu wy\u017cszego napi\u0119cia. Po zdj\u0119ciu napi\u0119cia elektrony te s\u0105 uwi\u0119zione mi\u0119dzy dwiema warstwami tlenku nawet przez 10 lat! W ko\u0144cu jednak tuneluj\u0105 poza bramk\u0119 p\u0142ywaj\u0105c\u0105 i dane zostaj\u0105 utracone. Dlatego nale\u017cy regularnie wykonywa\u0107 kopie zapasowe wa\u017cnych plik\u00f3w znajduj\u0105cych si\u0119 na dyskach flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aby usun\u0105\u0107 elektrony z bramki p\u0142ywaj\u0105cej i zapisa\u0107 logiczn\u0105 1, bramka steruj\u0105ca jest podci\u0105gana do masy lub do napi\u0119cia 0 V, a \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o, pod\u0142o\u017ce krzemowe i dren s\u0105 obci\u0105\u017cane napi\u0119ciem oko\u0142o 10 V. W ten spos\u00f3b elektrony s\u0105 wypychane z bramki p\u0142ywaj\u0105cej. W ten spos\u00f3b elektrony s\u0105 wypychane z bramki p\u0142ywaj\u0105cej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oczywi\u015bcie ka\u017cda kom\u00f3rka pami\u0119ci flash ma ograniczon\u0105 liczb\u0119 operacji odczytu i zapisu, dop\u00f3ki si\u0119 nie zu\u017cyje. Dlatego wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 nowoczesnych system\u00f3w stara si\u0119 tak rozdziela\u0107 dane, aby \u017cadna kom\u00f3rka nie by\u0142a u\u017cywana cz\u0119\u015bciej ni\u017c inne, co zapewnia maksymaln\u0105 \u017cywotno\u015b\u0107 pami\u0119ci flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wniosek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Teraz, gdy sta\u0142e\u015b si\u0119 ju\u017c mistrzem pami\u0119ci flash, koniecznie sprawd\u017a trzeci\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 tej serii: <a href=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/part-3-what-are-card-grades-and-why-are-they-important\/\">Czym s\u0105 oceny kart i dlaczego s\u0105 wa\u017cne?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A w mi\u0119dzyczasie, je\u015bli chcesz kupi\u0107 kart\u0119 SD, mo\u017cesz j\u0105 uzyska\u0107 od naszej siostrzanej firmy, <a href=\"https:\/\/buyzero.de\/collections\/raspberry-pi-4-zubehor\/products\/16gb-sandisk-sd-karte\">buyzero.de<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-center shariff-widget-align-left shariff-buttonstretch\"><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-white orientation-horizontal buttonsize-medium\"><li class=\"shariff-button twitter shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#595959\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpicockpit.com%2Fraspberry-pi%2Fpl%2Fczesc-2-jak-pracuje-pamiec-flash%2F&text=Part%202%20%E2%80%93%20How%20does%20flash%20memory%20work%3F\" title=\"Udost\u0119pnij na X\" aria-label=\"Udost\u0119pnij na X\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\"; 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Aby zrozumie\u0107, dlaczego jako\u015b\u0107 kart SD nie zawsze jest taka sama, musimy wiedzie\u0107, jak produkowana jest pami\u0119\u0107 flash i jak dzia\u0142a. Ten post jest cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 trzycz\u0119\u015bciowej mini serii o kartach SD z kilkoma szczeg\u00f3\u0142owymi informacjami. Tre\u015b\u0107...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1996,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[165],"tags":[169,177,179,178,171,170,167,166,168,173,172,175,174],"class_list":["post-1995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sd-cards","tag-card","tag-flash","tag-flash-memory","tag-memory","tag-micro","tag-mini","tag-sd","tag-sd-card","tag-sda","tag-sdhc","tag-sdsc","tag-sduc","tag-sdxc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Part 2 - How does flash memory work? | PiCockpit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SD Card classes and flash memory can be confusing. 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