{"id":1995,"date":"2022-04-08T12:15:37","date_gmt":"2022-04-08T12:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/?p=1995"},"modified":"2023-10-05T12:13:29","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T12:13:29","slug":"part-2-how-does-flash-memory-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/pt\/part-2-how-does-flash-memory-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Parte 2 - Como \u00e9 que a mem\u00f3ria flash funciona?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Como funciona a mem\u00f3ria flash\" class=\"wp-image-1996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Thumbnail.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">S\u00e9rie de cart\u00f5es SD - Parte 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>O cora\u00e7\u00e3o de qualquer cart\u00e3o SD \u00e9 o chip de mem\u00f3ria flash. Portanto, para entender porque a qualidade do cart\u00e3o SD nem sempre \u00e9 a mesma, precisamos saber como a mem\u00f3ria flash \u00e9 fabricada e como ela funciona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Este post faz parte de uma mini-s\u00e9rie de tr\u00eas partes sobre cart\u00f5es SD com algumas informa\u00e7\u00f5es detalhadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/sd-card-classes\/\">Parte 1 - Como classificar os Cart\u00f5es SD e escolher o Cart\u00e3o certo para uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parte 2 - Como funciona a mem\u00f3ria flash<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parte 3 - <a href=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/part-3-what-are-card-grades-and-why-are-they-important\/\">O que s\u00e3o as notas do cart\u00e3o e porque s\u00e3o importantes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conte\u00fado<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#why-silicon\">Porque \u00e9 que o Silicon \u00e9 usado para criar mem\u00f3ria flash<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#silicon-wafer-production\">Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de pastilhas de sil\u00edcio<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#production-of-dies\">Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Ca\u00e7onetes<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#flash-memory-structure\">Estrutura da Mem\u00f3ria Flash<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#reading-and-writing-data\">Dados de Leitura e Escrita<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Se voc\u00ea precisar de uma vis\u00e3o geral ou de um lembrete r\u00e1pido sobre o t\u00f3pico, este gr\u00e1fico informativo deve lhe servir bem.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-724x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Infografia sobre cart\u00f5es SD e mem\u00f3ria flash\" class=\"wp-image-2011\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-1086x1536.jpg 1086w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-1448x2048.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/5-Flash-Memory-scaled.jpg 1811w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">5 Mem\u00f3ria Flash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-silicon\">Porque \u00e9 que o Silicon \u00e9 usado para criar mem\u00f3ria flash<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A mem\u00f3ria flash e outros micro chips s\u00e3o feitos de sil\u00edcio porque \u00e9 um semicondutor. Isso significa que ele s\u00f3 est\u00e1 conduzindo eletricidade sob certas condi\u00e7\u00f5es. Al\u00e9m disso, o sil\u00edcio \u00e9 o segundo elemento mais abundante na crosta terrestre.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-1024x513.jpg\" alt=\"Sil\u00edcio\" class=\"wp-image-2001\" style=\"width:393px;height:196px\" width=\"393\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-1024x513.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-768x385.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon-18x9.jpg 18w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Silicon.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sil\u00edcio<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>A semicondutividade do sil\u00edcio garante aos fabricantes o controle completo das propriedades el\u00e9tricas dos materiais \u00e0 base de sil\u00edcio atrav\u00e9s da adi\u00e7\u00e3o de pequenas quantidades de impurezas. Estas s\u00e3o principalmente boro, f\u00f3sforo, ars\u00eanico e antim\u00f4nio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"silicon-wafer-production\">Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de pastilhas de sil\u00edcio<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>O primeiro passo na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de mem\u00f3ria flash \u00e9 a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um lingote de sil\u00edcio. Existem v\u00e1rios m\u00e9todos para obter um lingote cil\u00edndrico. Vamos dar uma olhada no m\u00e9todo Czochralski comumente usado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">m\u00e9todo Czochralski<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>O qu\u00edmico polaco Jan Czochralski inventou um m\u00e9todo para produzir lingotes de sil\u00edcio monocristalino de alta pureza.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-1024x360.jpg\" alt=\"m\u00e9todo Czochralski\" class=\"wp-image-2003\" style=\"width:678px;height:238px\" width=\"678\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-1024x360.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-300x106.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-768x270.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-1536x540.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-2048x720.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Czochralski-method-18x6.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">m\u00e9todo Czochralski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>O sil\u00edcio \u00e9 fundido num cadinho. Depois disso, um cristal de semente \u00e9 introduzido no derretimento. Ele \u00e9 lentamente puxado para cima, enquanto o cadinho e o cristal giram em dire\u00e7\u00f5es opostas. Isto leva a um lingote cil\u00edndrico de sil\u00edcio muito homog\u00eaneo, que tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 chamado de boule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fatiamento<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma serra de wafer corta o boule em wafers, que s\u00e3o discos muito finos (cerca de 100-500 \u03bcm de espessura). As bolachas s\u00e3o polidas f\u00edsica e quimicamente para remover quaisquer defeitos e impurezas at\u00e9 uma escala at\u00f3mica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"production-of-dies\">Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Ca\u00e7onetes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Claro que as bolachas ainda n\u00e3o possuem super poderes. Primeiro t\u00eam de ser transformadas em moldes. Um molde \u00e9 apenas um peda\u00e7o de sil\u00edcio que cont\u00e9m um Circuito Integrado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O processo mais utilizado para imprimir o Circuito Integrado na bolacha \u00e9 <strong>fotolitografia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Este processo \u00e9 simples de entender mas muito dif\u00edcil de realizar com qualidade consistente, devido \u00e0 escala extremamente pequena dos Circuitos Integrados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fotolitografia<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00ea uma olhada no gr\u00e1fico abaixo, que mostra a configura\u00e7\u00e3o da Fotolitografia.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-1024x431.jpg\" alt=\"Fotolitografia\" class=\"wp-image-2006\" style=\"width:559px;height:235px\" width=\"559\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-1024x431.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-300x126.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-768x324.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-1536x647.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-2048x863.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Photolitography-18x8.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Configura\u00e7\u00e3o de Fotolitografia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>O wafer \u00e9 limpo novamente ap\u00f3s o envio para remover quaisquer contaminantes provenientes da embalagem. Em seguida, ela \u00e9 preparada com uma camada microscopicamente fina e perfeitamente uniforme de sil\u00edcio e fotorresistente. Uma abertura constitu\u00edda por uma fonte de luz e lentes projecta a fotom\u00e1scara sobre a bolacha. A maioria das empresas utiliza luz UV de alta energia. Ap\u00f3s algumas etapas adicionais, o padr\u00e3o da fotom\u00e1scara \u00e9 transferido para a camada de sil\u00edcio no topo da pastilha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Depois disso, a primeira camada deve ser limpa para poder come\u00e7ar com a camada seguinte. A m\u00e1quina fotolitogr\u00e1fica repete estes passos para cada camada at\u00e9 que a estrutura 3D espec\u00edfica da mem\u00f3ria flash esteja terminada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nesta fase a bolacha parece um disco com muitas c\u00e9lulas no topo. Estas c\u00e9lulas, na sua maioria quadr\u00e1ticas, s\u00e3o os moldes individuais, que neste caso s\u00e3o unidades \u00fanicas de mem\u00f3ria flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antes que as pastilhas possam ser processadas posteriormente, a qualidade de cada molde precisa ser determinada. O resultado \u00e9 o chamado mapa das bolachas que indica a qualidade de cada molde na bolacha. Devido \u00e0 natureza do processo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, h\u00e1 uma tend\u00eancia que no centro tem um melhor desempenho do que os moldes perto da borda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os moldes que atingem o padr\u00e3o de qualidade exigido s\u00e3o os cortados da pastilha e incorporados em dispositivos de mem\u00f3ria flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Agora voc\u00ea sabe como a mem\u00f3ria flash \u00e9 produzida. \u00c9 claro que \u00e9 quase imposs\u00edvel ter sempre resultados perfeitamente consistentes devido \u00e0 enorme quantidade de par\u00e2metros que influenciam a produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tudo, desde os materiais at\u00e9 \u00e0s m\u00e1quinas, tem de ser de qualidade perfeita para maximizar as quantidades de moldes em funcionamento em cada bolacha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"flash-memory-structure\">Estrutura da Mem\u00f3ria Flash<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma \u00fanica c\u00e9lula de mem\u00f3ria flash pode armazenar 1 Bit. A c\u00e9lula consiste em uma fonte e um dreno, bem como uma porta flutuante e uma porta de controle, tudo em cima do substrato de sil\u00edcio.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-1024x351.jpg\" alt=\"C\u00e9lula de Mem\u00f3ria Flash\" class=\"wp-image-2010\" style=\"width:691px;height:236px\" width=\"691\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-1024x351.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-300x103.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-768x263.jpg 768w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-1536x526.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-2048x702.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Flash-Memory-Cell-18x6.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">C\u00e9lula de Mem\u00f3ria Flash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Existem camadas de \u00f3xido entre a porta de controle, a porta flutuante e o substrato de sil\u00edcio. Elas impedem que os el\u00e9trons se movimentem livremente, mas os el\u00e9trons podem fazer t\u00faneis atrav\u00e9s dessas camadas sob certas circunst\u00e2ncias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reading-and-writing-data\">Dados de Leitura e Escrita<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As opera\u00e7\u00f5es de escrita e leitura s\u00e3o controladas atrav\u00e9s da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00f5es na c\u00e9lula de mem\u00f3ria flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Leitura<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Para ler o bit armazenado, a fonte \u00e9 puxada para terra ou 0V e cerca de 3V s\u00e3o aplicados no dreno e na porta de controle. Isto for\u00e7a os electr\u00f5es a deslocarem-se horizontalmente da fonte para o dreno se a porta flutuante estiver vazia. O fluxo de corrente \u00e9 interpretado como uma l\u00f3gica 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No entanto, se os electr\u00f5es estiverem presos na porta flutuante, eles impedem o fluxo de corrente da fonte para o dreno, o que \u00e9 interpretado como uma l\u00f3gica 0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Escrevendo<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Para escrever uma l\u00f3gica 0 para a c\u00e9lula de mem\u00f3ria flash, os electr\u00f5es precisam de estar presos na porta flutuante. Isto \u00e9 conseguido aplicando 0V \u00e0 fonte, cerca de 7V ao dreno e uma tens\u00e3o ainda maior de cerca de 10V \u00e0 porta de controlo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Os el\u00e9trons s\u00e3o for\u00e7ados a se mover horizontalmente da fonte para o dreno novamente, mas alguns v\u00e3o fazer um t\u00fanel para o port\u00e3o flutuante por causa da tens\u00e3o mais alta. Uma vez removidas as tens\u00f5es, esses el\u00e9trons ficam presos entre as duas camadas de \u00f3xido por at\u00e9 10 anos! Mas, eventualmente, eles v\u00e3o fazer um t\u00fanel para fora da porta flutuante e os dados ser\u00e3o perdidos. Portanto, voc\u00ea deve fazer backups regulares de quaisquer arquivos importantes que residam em unidades flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para remover os electr\u00f5es da porta flutuante e escrever uma l\u00f3gica 1 a porta de controlo \u00e9 puxada para a terra ou 0V e a fonte, o substrato de silicone e o dreno s\u00e3o colocados em cerca de 10V. Assim, os electr\u00f5es s\u00e3o for\u00e7ados a sair da porta flutuante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c9 claro que cada c\u00e9lula de mem\u00f3ria flash tem um n\u00famero limitado de opera\u00e7\u00f5es de leitura e escrita at\u00e9 que se desgaste. Assim, a maioria dos sistemas modernos tenta distribuir dados para que nenhuma c\u00e9lula seja usada com mais freq\u00fc\u00eancia do que outras, para garantir a m\u00e1xima vida \u00fatil da mem\u00f3ria flash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclus\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Agora que se tornou um mestre da mem\u00f3ria flash, n\u00e3o deixe de consultar a terceira parte desta s\u00e9rie: <a href=\"https:\/\/picockpit.com\/raspberry-pi\/part-3-what-are-card-grades-and-why-are-they-important\/\">O que s\u00e3o as classifica\u00e7\u00f5es do cart\u00e3o e porque \u00e9 que s\u00e3o importantes?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E, entretanto, se quiser comprar um cart\u00e3o SD, pode obt\u00ea-lo na nossa empresa irm\u00e3, <a href=\"https:\/\/buyzero.de\/collections\/raspberry-pi-4-zubehor\/products\/16gb-sandisk-sd-karte\">buyzero.de<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-center shariff-widget-align-left shariff-buttonstretch\"><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-white orientation-horizontal buttonsize-medium\"><li class=\"shariff-button twitter shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#595959\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpicockpit.com%2Fraspberry-pi%2Fpt%2Fpart-2-how-does-flash-memory-work%2F&text=Part%202%20%E2%80%93%20How%20does%20flash%20memory%20work%3F\" title=\"Compartilhar no X\" aria-label=\"Compartilhar no X\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\"; 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Por isso, para compreender porque \u00e9 que a qualidade dos cart\u00f5es SD n\u00e3o \u00e9 sempre a mesma, precisamos de saber como \u00e9 fabricada a mem\u00f3ria flash e como funciona. Esta publica\u00e7\u00e3o faz parte de uma miniss\u00e9rie de tr\u00eas partes sobre cart\u00f5es SD com algumas informa\u00e7\u00f5es aprofundadas. Conte\u00fado...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1996,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[165],"tags":[169,177,179,178,171,170,167,166,168,173,172,175,174],"class_list":["post-1995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sd-cards","tag-card","tag-flash","tag-flash-memory","tag-memory","tag-micro","tag-mini","tag-sd","tag-sd-card","tag-sda","tag-sdhc","tag-sdsc","tag-sduc","tag-sdxc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Part 2 - How does flash memory work? | PiCockpit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SD Card classes and flash memory can be confusing. 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